Vladimir Putin & successor Essay Example for Free

Vladimir Putin successor Essay Vladimir Putin was the hand-picked successor of Boris Yeltsin and was elected as the president of the Russian Federation in 2000. After earning a law degree in 1975, Putin joined the KGB, the security force of the former Soviet Union. He spent years working primarily in East Germany, then left the service in 1991 and became active in the politics of St. Petersburg. He was brought to Moscow by Yeltsin in 1996 and served as an administrator in the Kremlin and an official for the security organizations which replaced the KGB. In 1999, Putin became Yeltsins fifth prime minister in 17 months, and then became acting president when Yeltsin left office. He was officially elected to the office in 2000 and then re-elected in a landslide vote in March of 2004 (Montinola 148). Putin moved quickly to reassert the central governments authority over the various republics, regions, and other administrative units and has sought to exert control over elements of the independent media. He also has worked to revamp, and reduce the size of, the military. He won enactment of liberal economic reforms and ratification of international arms agreements, while also renewing ties with former Soviet client states and maintaining Russias strong opposition to proposed U. S. ballistic missile defenses (Fish 119). Although Putin has been, in the main, popular with the Russian public, his reputation suffered when he was perceived to have acted belatedly after the Russian submarine Kursk sank in Aug. , 2000 (Baker 27). By the end of his second year in office, however, the Russian presidents position had visibly strengthened, as he became apparently successful in stabilizing the government and the economy, the latter achieved in part through banking, labor, and private-property reforms and in part through a fortuitous rise in oil prices (Russias principal export). Legal reforms gave greater protection to the accused and increased powers to judges, bringing Russian judicial practice more in line with that of the West. In 2001 and 2002, Putin criticized, but accepted, the U. S. withdrawal from the ABM treaty as it proceeded with its development of its missile defense system, while signing a treaty reducing the number of U. S. and Russian nuclear warheads and establishing closer relations with the United States and NATO. Many reforms that had been enacted faltered in their enforcement in the second half of Putins term, or were not built upon. Russias regions and provinces managed to resist central government control in many instances, and Chechnya remains an ongoing, festering problem. Putin was reelected in Mar. , 2004, in an election that European observers criticized as unfair (Baker 257). Putin subsequently obtained changes that allowed him to appoint regional and provincial governors, increasing the central governments control over the federations constituents. Given this background, the policies of Putin can now be assessed. This analysis will cover some of the most influential and questionable policies of Putin during his tenure as the president of Russia. The first issue is the way that Putin has dealt with welfare policies in Russia. According to various Russian and western media reports, Putin is extremely concerned about the ongoing demographic problems (death rate being higher than birth rate and immigration rate), cyclical poverty, and housing concerns within the Russian Federation. In 2005, four national projects were launched in the fields of healthcare, education, housing and agriculture (Hanson 660). In his May 2006 annual speech, Putin proposed increasing maternity benefits and prenatal care for women. While these developments in the Russian policy on healthcare have had a fair degree of success, it cannot be properly and completely assessed without first examining the economic policies of Putin since these have a direct effect on the ability of the Russian government to implement these welfare policies. The Russian economy has grown strongly under Putin, thanks mainly to the good luck of sustained high oil prices, but helped too by sound macroeconomic policies (Hanson 661). Foreign investors, forgetting that they were badly burnt by Russias default in 1998, have flocked back. But the imminent demise of Yukos and the evidence that Putin is more interested in reasserting state control over the economy than in pursuing economic liberalization are making many pause once again (Hanson 670). But the attack on Yukos, the best-run and most western-looking of Russian companies, was the worst cure of all: capricious, selective and motivated by politics not the rule of law. Fears that it might presage attacks on other companies seem confirmed by this weeks news of an abrupt tax claim on VimpelCom, a telecoms firm. Businessmen in Moscow say that, far from Putins new order helping to squeeze out corruption, it is now more pervasive than in the worst of the Yeltsin years. Corruption lies at the heart of many of Russias most intractable problems, from the poor state of the army, to the war in Chechnya, to its ineffective policing and counter-terrorism (Montinola 152). Putin has admitted that many Russians might fear the police more than they do criminals. But his efforts to tackle corruption have been half-hearted at best—and, because he has fostered more state control and little respect for the rule of law, he has created precisely the conditions in which corruption thrives best. Meanwhile, the pro-business reforms promised for his second term are largely in limbo (Montinola 153). Russias notorious â€Å"oligarchs† have also been tamed. Boris Berezovsky and Vladimir Gusinsky, two of the most unco-operative, are in exile. Mikhail Khodorkovsky, on trial for fraud and tax evasion, has been in prison since his arrest in October 2003. And Yukos, the oil company Mr Khodorkovsky once ran, looks set to be eviscerated when most of Yuganskneftegaz, its oil-production subsidiary, is sold on December 19th. What remains of Yukos may also be seized, to requite alleged tax debts of some $25 billion. The near-certain purchaser of Yugansk is Gazprom, the state-run gas monopoly. Swallowing Yugansk will turn Gazprom into an energy behemoth that serves Russias foreign-policy interests even more powerfully (Montinola 148). Mr Putin is emerging more and more as a tactician, not a strategist. Economic reform, for example, has stalled since high oil prices offered an easier path to growth. His commitment to democracy now looks to be a tactic too. He may not yet have decided what to do in 2008. Boris Nemtsov, co-founder of a committee set up to make sure he leaves on schedule, says that, if he does want to stick around, international obloquy would give him greater pause than domestic opinion. European and American leaders would react badly to a restructuring of the government, and with horror to a change in the constitution (Baker 375). Perhaps one of the most controversial policies of Putin is directly related to Putins rise to public office in August 1999 which also coincided with an aggressive resurgence of the near-dormant conflict in the North Caucasus, when Chechen nationalists regrouped and invaded neighboring Dagestan. Both in Russia and abroad, Putins public image was forged by his tough handling of this dire challenge (Fish 125). His war in Chechnya was hugely popular, but its brutality also raised real questions about Putins commitment to human rights. References: Baker, Peter and Glasser, Susan Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putins Russia and the End of Revolution Scribner Book Company May 2005 464 pages Fish, Steven Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics, (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 119-127. Hanson, Philip and Teague, Elizabeth â€Å"Big Business and the State in Russia,† Europe-Asia Studies, 57, 5:657-680, July 2005 Montinola, Gabriella and Jackman, Robert â€Å"Sources of Corruption: A Cross-Country Study,† British Journal of Political Science Vol. 32, 2002, 147-170 Putin, Vladimir First Person, Public Affairs, 2000, 208 pp. (collection of interviews). Russian title: Ot Pervogo Litsa. Razgovory s Vladimirom Putinym (From the First Person. Conversations with Vladimir Putin), Moscow, Vagrius, 2000.

The Negative Effects of Fossil Fuel Usage Essay example -- Environmen

The Negative Effects of Fossil Fuel Usage         The health of the environment is our livelihood.   When the environment is not in good health it could lead to health problems on a personal level.   One of the major environmental problems is air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels.   Levels of carbon dioxide emitted by fossil fuels into the atmosphere in 1991 was an estimated â€Å"5.6 billion tons per year† (Tesar, 28).   If we keep running down the path we are on using fossil fuels like no tomorrow there is some worry among scientists, â€Å"Some scientists estimate that the number will jump to as much as 30 billion tons per year within the next few decades† (28).      Concern for the environment is not a recent phenomena.   Rachel Carson (1907- 1964), was an â€Å"American marine biologist and the author of widely read books on ecological themes†Ã‚   (Bram, 326).   One of her more outstanding quotes on the environment is, â€Å"The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea†¦this pollution is for the most part irrecoverable† (Peter, 171).    I agree with Rachel Carson that earth, air, and water pollution is for the most part irrecoverable.  Ã‚   Some institutions working today to clean up the environment do help some, but as I see it they are not showing results.   There efforts are a feeble attempt because pollution levels keep rising and they could never keep up.   According to Hayes the former director of the Solar Research Institute under President Jimmy Carter of Earth Island Journal, â€Å"In 1993, President Clinton pledged to reduce US CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000.   Instead, the nation’s CO2 emissions are now projected to rise at least 13 percent by the ... ...> Hawking, Stephen.   A Brief History of Time:   From the Big Bang to Black Holes.   New York:   Bantam, 1988. Peter, Laurence J. Dr.   Peter’s Quotations.   New York:   Quill William Morrow, 1977. Simanek, Donald E.   (1994)   The Hazards of Solar Energy.     Dsimanek/solar.htm>   (27 October 1998). â€Å"Solar Power-The Basics.†Ã‚   Solar Power-The Basics.   27 October 1998.   http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/solar/brief2.html   (27 October 1998). â€Å"Solar Tax Credits for North Carolina.†Ã‚   North Carolina Solar Center Information   Factsheet.   30 November 1998.     (30 November 1998). Tesar, Jenny.   Global Warming.   New York;   Facts On File, 1991. â€Å"Timeline:   Photovoltaic Development.†Ã‚   Untitled.   2 December, 1998.      (2 December, 1998).   

Should Be Single Sex Education

Children’s happiness is one of the the most important things when selecting a school. Equally important is finding a school that is inspiring. Parents also need to consider other factors such as letting them be themselves, academic skills and avoid sexual distractions of adolescence. Anyway, children have different needs and styles of learning. Thereby this essay will argue that schools should be single sex education. Obviously single sex education can understand how their students learn and they adapt their teaching styles to those specific needs.Some people believe that coeducation seems to be more realistic refers to provides greater opportunities for socialization. Besides the fact that children have different needs and the respect of personal differences. Directed intuitively and affectively oriented style of learning that fits most women never compatible. How to structure and practices that attract men single sex education helps teachers adjust instruction to male model and facilitate the study rounded up, unnecessary for boys to choose the course of the area they will produced.Keise (1992, p. 9) argues that single sex education has benefits for girls offers more opportunities to exercise leadership because girls have to hold positions of leadership in schools such as drama, sports, annual report or discussion of the team. It make it easier for girls to be leaders also boys tent to dominate and overshadow equally talented girls. Obviously it gives them expended education opportunities by allowing them to pressure non-traditional disciplines for girls suck as mathematics or sciences.Furthermore about emotion, single sex education puts less pressure on girls because girls are more prone than boys to suffer from low self esteem. This is clarified by The York Times Company (2010) who identifies the benefits of single sex education is mainly what you make them if your child learn to achieve his goals and is not afraid to compete if she knows that she ca n be whatever she wants to be, and you can attribute some of those feelings and achievement to the leanings environment she was in high school. Unfortunately the numbers schools with single sex education are small that it easy to determine simply.Moreover, boys and girls learn in difference ways. Boys use the brain for a given activity. In addition, physical differences lead to differences in the way boys and girls learn. Emotional activity is also processed in a different part of the brain. It has been suggested that girls respond more innately to literature. If the teacher understands how to teach girls, they will quickly feel comfortable exploring non-tradition subjects as mathematics, sciences, computers also technology and boys participate learn Lartin in single sex education. Moreover, Rowland (1974, p. 10) argues that men teacher teach mathematics and science better than woman as well as woman teach arts subjects better than man furthermore the mixed staff produce harmonious in the school. Furthermore, Mullins (2005) maintains that children in single sex education participate more in class, develop higher self esteem, score higher in aptitude tests, are chossing sciences and other male domains at teriary level, and are in more successful on careers. This research suggests that boys and girls have differences and there the best way to teach them is with different methods or environment.Children in single sex education provide parents with an opportunity can make more effectively the social development of their children. It makes more effectively the social development of their children. It makes an easier to study about sex education. Parents need their children are initiative to provide social development. Of course they should set opportunities for boys to mix a girls in family setting during childhood. If girls do not study in single sex education, it is quite hard for girls to have leadership skills. In addition, Gill (2004, p. 9) argues that â€Å" single sex schools are free from some some forms of sexual harassment and are not subject to the territorial defence behaviours of boy† that single sex education girls are free from sexual harassment that affects more than coeducation all girls can create a negative atmosphere against the influence of the media and often troubling depictions of women and girls. Moreover classroom is a place where girls of education and sense of self come before the environment that teachers feel the power an girls who understand the nature of intelligence alue and 100 percent for women and girls a strong 100 percent. On how efficiently a single sex education can also apply text information. girls and sex through peer pressure and young teachers not accord the lower value set for girls as opposed to school for boys other indicators lower than set of women key diagnostic tools (Mullins 2005). In contrast, coeducation in primary schools exposes all students to a range of male and female oriented learning experience. Important men and women are defined through social interaction play a valuable learning and sharing.Children learn through observation and interaction with other children and several behavioral characteristics that they bring. As parents, we quickly notice the negative behavior we want them, not the language as well, and tantrums. But the very behavior that they learn in classrooms is useful for children learning (Lingard 2009, p. 3). Similarly, Joined the School of Education for better social development between girls and boys. Students are confident in their school through communication with people.In addition, students are better balanced with the device make friends with counterparts in single sex education. The study shows that the natural development of friendships in the school coeducation and they have known better. This occurs because many social activities and clubs in the school girls and boys participated in a comfortable environment. There are also many complaints in school coeducation, which will benefit children. Children are free to choose subjects. Such as girls and boys will choose a topic that rarely exists in single sex Education. Children can develop greater capacity in any matter.Children can increase the knowledge of these subjects and to develop important skills. While Children will be able to increase capacity and confidence in expanding the range of future careers in these (The York Times Company 2010). In conclusion, school should be single sex education. The important thing is that single sex education is free from some froms of sexual harassment. Children should be allowed to be themselves, they can just be boys and not worry about girls and also girls can drop their inhibitions and begin to take risks. Moreover, children can develop better academic skills.If the teacher understands how to teach the children they will quickly feel comfortable exploring non-tradition subjects. In addition, single sex education c ould protect children from pregnancy. They can study about sex education in much more detail. Finally, if girls are not in single sex education it is more difficult for girls to have leadership skills so boys are not shown stronger performances such as music and art. Although, if children are not studying in single sex education it maximize contact with the opposite sex and others, to some extent, protect children from indulging in bad habits like.Bibliography Gill, J 2004, Beyond the great divide : single sex or coeducation? , University of New South Wales,Sydney. Keise, C 1992, Sugar and spice? : Bullying in single sex schools, Trentham Books Limited, Oakhill. Lingard, B,Martino, W & Mills,M 2009, Boys and schooling : beyond structural reform, Palgrave Macilian, London. Mullins, A 2005, The advantages of single sex education, view 17 April 2010, Rowland,R 1974, Mixed or Single sex school, Rotledge & Kegan Paul, London. The New York Times Company 2010, single sex education advantag e-the advantages of sex education, view 17 April2010,

The Parkinson s Disease ( Pd ) - 1058 Words

Introduction The Parkinson s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer s disease (Lang and Lozano, 1998). It affects about 1% of the population with different ethnic backgrounds throughout the world over the age of 65 (Tanner and Goldman, 1996). The aetiology of Parkinson s disease is not well understood; however, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role (Checkoway and Nelson, 1999). Pathologically, PD is characterised by mitochondrial DNA dysfunction leading to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (Fig.1) and subsequent reduction in striatal dopamine levels (Longmore, 2014). The clinical features of PD are mainly motor including resting†¦show more content†¦This protein is one of the main components of Lewy bodies (Fig. 2) found in the degenerating neurons in the pars compacta of the basal ganglia (Lang and Lozano, 1998). Exposure to environmental toxins, such as herbicides, pesticides and well water, may also result in PD (Semchuk et al., 1992). On the other hand, smoking and caffeine consumption are thought to reduce the risk of developing PD (Kandel, 2013). The main pathological feature of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease is the progressive degeneration of selected but heterogeneous populations of neurons (Fig. 1) , including the dopaminergic cells of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra that primarly project to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and also to other basal ganglia nuclei (Lang and Lozano, 1998). Subsequently, dopamine loss in these sites prevents brain cells from performing their normal inhibitory effect within the basal ganglia, leading to most of the movement abnormalities in PD, as they improve with dopamine replacement; whereas non-motor features show a poor or no response to dopamine replacement (Kandel, 2013). Another characteristic pathological finding is the presence of eosinophilic inclusions (Lewy bodies) (Fig. 2) in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with their main component of aggregations of the protein alpha-synuclein (Baba etShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease ( Pd )1361 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is progressive, incurable and debilitating. The disease is caused by a loss of dopamine producing neurons in the brainstem which leads primarily to motor deficits. In Australia, 1 in 350 people live with PD and the prevalence is quickly growing (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). While most of the people diagnosed with PD are over 65 years old, people as young as 30 can develop the condition (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). Currently, thereRead MoreAnalysis Of Parkinson s Disease ( Pd )725 Words   |  3 Pages Introduction Parkinson s disease (PD) is the second world s major neurological disease (Laut Breteler, 2006) affecting 6 million people globally (Schapira, 1999). PD is a progressive and long term disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) activity with the following traits including bradykinesia, rigorousness, involuntary muscular contraction and unstable postural alignment (O Sullivan Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are located in the CNS have large nerve fibers and neurotransmittersRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )1326 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, falling second to Alzheimer’s disease. It is stated that there are roughly 5 million individuals worldwide and 1 million individuals in the U.S. that suffer from PD. 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The scope of the review is to focus on the motor symptoms of PD, rather than the causes, pathogenesisRead MoreParkinsonS Disease, Also Known As Pd, Shaking Palsy, And1530 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinson s disease, also known as PD, shaking palsy, and paralysis agitans is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder; it rises from an unknown cause and increases in severity over time (Ronken). The disease was named after English physician James Parkinson, who first described it in 1817 (Weiner). PD can be defined as the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the area of the brain that contains dopamine cells and regulates movement. As the degeneration of neurons occurs,Read MoreIs Parkinson Disease A Disease?1290 Words   |  6 Pages Parkinson Disease Danielle West University Of Arkansas Fort Smith Medical Terminology Fall of 2015 Introduction Parkinson is a disease that is a glitch in the neurons in the brain, which frequently affects the substantia nigra. Part of the dying neurons produces a chemical called dopamine. As this progresses, the dopamine in the brain decreases. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain which helps the body regulate coordination and movement in the body. Once Parkinson Disease (PD)Read MoreActive Music Therapy For Parkinson s Disease : An Integrative Method For Motor And Emotional Rehabilitation971 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"Active Music Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: An Integrative Method for Motor and Emotional Rehabilitation† by Claudio Pacchetti, MD, Francesca Manni, MD, Roberto Aglieri, Cira Fundaro, MD, Emilia Martignoni, MD, and Giuseppe Nappi, MD published in Psychosomatic Medicine (2000) states that active music therapy is an effective method of rehabilitation for Parkinson’s Disease. As of now Parkinson’s disease (PD) has no effective cure, so all that can be done for those that are affected